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Cressing Temple
Cressing Temple is an ancient monument situated between Witham and Braintree in Essex,〔http://www.visitparks.co.uk/places/cressing-temple/ Retrieved 9 October 2014〕 close to the villages of Cressing and White Notley. It was amongst the very earliest and largest of the possessions of the Knights Templar in England,〔http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=39854&strquery=cressing temple Retrieved 9 October 2014〕〔 and is currently open to the public as a visitor site.〔http://www.visitessex.com/Braintree-Cressing-Temple-Barns/details/?dms=3&venue=0651519 retrieved 15 October 2014〕 It is the location of three Grade I listed Medieval barns, one of which is the oldest standing timber-framed barn in the world.〔〔〔Bettley, James, and Nikolaus Pevsner. Essex: The Buildings of England. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007. 313. ISBN 0300116144〕〔Brown, R. J.. Timber-framed buildings of England. London: R. Hale Ltd. 1997.46-48. ISBN 0709060920〕
==The Knights Templar Preceptory of Cressing==
The manor of Cressing was granted to the Knights Templar in 1136 by Matilda of Boulogne, the wife of King Stephen close to the main road between London and Colchester, and the road between Witham and Braintree.〔Haag, Michael (2014) The Tragedy of the Templars. Published by Profile Books Limited (ISBN 978-1-84668-451-7)〕 The Templar estate received further grants soon after its founding in the form of the manor and half-hundred of Witham sometime between 1138 and 1148, although the church of Witham, which had previously been granted to the church of St Martin's Le Grand in London, was not included.〔 The Preceptory of Cressing was therefore one of the very earliest Templar estates in England,〔 and was placed first in a detailed list of Templar holdings in 1185.〔 It was the largest of their estates in Essex.〔 Later, King John confirmed to the Templars at Cressing the land of Berecholt on 14 July 1199, and the land of Newland on 8 June 1214, as well as a market on Thursdays and a three-day-long fair at the feast of the Decollation of St. John the Baptist at the new town of Wulnesforde in the parish of Witham.〔 Later, sometime before his death in 1255, the Templar Peter de Rossa granted over 100 acres of the manor of Rivenhall to Cressing, a parish in which he was parson and lord.〔
The original 14,000 acre site was a considerable agricultural enterprise,〔 and was led by a Templar Preceptor, accompanied by two or three knights or sergeants, together with a chaplain, a bailiff, numerous household servants overseeing around 160 tenant farmers.〔 The manor had a mansion house, bakehouse, brewery, dairy, granary, smithy, gardens, a dovecote, a watermill, and a windmill,〔 with a chapel and associated cemetery dedicated to St Mary.〔 The proceeds from the Cressing Temple were all diverted to fund Templar activities in the Crusader states in the Middle East.〔
During the reign of King Edward II the Templar order was suppressed in England, with their estate at Cressing being handed over to the Order of the Knights Hospitaller in 1309, who preserved the Templar documents and charters of Cressing amongst their own records.〔 The manor, controlled by a prior of the Knights Hospitaller, continued to work as a large estate. It was targeted in 1381 during the Peasants' Revolt, when on Monday 10 June a large group of rebels attacked Cressing and carried away armour, vestments, gold and silver, and other goods to the value of £20 belonging to the Hospitallers, and burned books to the value of 20 marks.〔 The Hospitaller manor of Cressing Temple was dissolved in 1540, soon after the last monasteries, and on 8 July 1541, King Henry VIII granted the manor and lordship of Cressing and the half-hundred of Witham to Sir William Huse and John Smyth, one of the barons of the Exchequer.〔 John Smyth's family held the manor until 1657.〔Strachan, David (1998). Essex from the Air: Archaeology and history from aerial photographs. Published by Essex County Council Planning Dept. (ISBN1 85281 165 X)〕 Following the Reformation, in the late 16th Century there was a mansion on the site, now called the 'Great House', but it was demolished in the 18th Century and only the farmhouse, granary, wagon lodge and stable yards remain. The mid-Sixteenth century Tudor brick garden also stands and has been developed by Essex County Council〔 who acquired the barns for the people of Essex in 1987. The farmhouse dates from 1618, and the coach house from 1800.〔 Extensive archaeological investigations were carried out as part of a programme of improvements and updates in the 1990s.
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